Coins
01Metallurgical assay, die and variety attribution, and a full surface examination under 20× magnification before any grade is assigned.
- Metal composition and specific gravity
- Die state and variety attribution
- Surface, strike and luster assessment
- Cleaning, tooling and artificial toning
Paper currency
02Notes are examined for paper stock, intaglio engraving and plate position, then checked for restoration, pressing and repairs under UV.
- Paper fiber and watermark analysis
- Intaglio and plate verification
- Signature and serial authentication
- UV screening for repairs and washing
Trading cards
03Centering, corners, edges and surface are measured independently, with all four sub-grades printed on the certificate.
- Centering measured to the tenth
- Corner and edge wear mapping
- Surface, print line and gloss
- Trim, recolour and reprint detection
Collectibles
04Autographs, watches, medals and small ephemera, authenticated through provenance research and physical comparison to known reference examples.
- Provenance and chain of ownership
- Autograph comparison to exemplars
- Movement, case and material dating
- Restoration and replacement parts
Scale
Authenticity + condition class